First, they are both e-commerce platforms and are both online shopping channels. Consumers can log in to JD.com, Taobao or Pinduoduo to buy their favorite products.

Secondly, most of the purchased products are delivered to consumers by express delivery, and they all provide seven-day unconditional return and exchange, which improves the shopping experience of consumers.

Finally, they are all merchants, and some merchants have opened stores on JD.com, Taobao and Pinduoduo.