JD.com has two major models, one is the self-operated purchasing and sales model of JD.com, and the other is the POP model. The purchasing and sales model means that JD.com purchases and sells goods by itself, and what merchants have to do is to supply goods to JD.com. The POP model means that merchants operate by themselves, and JD.com provides a platform similar to Tmall. Under the POP model, there are four models: SOP, SOPL, LBP, and FBP.