东亚市场特点以及成长性
一、东亚区域的七个文化实体
很长时间以来,消费者已经不再对“亚洲制造”这个标签感到惊奇了,我们已经习惯地看着它充斥着我们生活的世界。
当谈论亚洲时,主要是指东亚和南亚,这是一块包含各种各样的民族、文化和气候的大陆,可以把这个地区分为七个文化实体。
1.中国
迄今为止最大的、可能也是最不可预测的实体是中国。中国拥有世界上五分之一的人口,其经济增长的前景表现得相当惊人。
2.日本 这个地区第二个主要的国家是日本,虽然在面积上比中国要小得多,但是日本仍然是一个经济强国,其人均国民生产总值位居世界前列,在过去的20年中,日本为自己在东南亚的地位打下了坚实的基础。 任何人到东南亚,都会对其市场上日本产品占有的统治地位留下深刻的印象,而且因为日本公司在东南亚国家建立工厂,日本政府以贷款和目标明确的发展援助方式为东南亚提供看似零散,但实际上相当有计划的支持,日本在这一地区的长期影响是有经济保障的,甚至比日本公司在该地区的市场份额还要牢固。 在专业技术方面日本也有强大的实力,在一些复杂产品的生产领域,如汽车、工业机械、高保真显示器和影碟设备等等,日本公司在世界上处于无可争议的领先地位。在亚洲,东京还是主要的时装和文化中心。
3.海外华侨
第三个文化集团通常被称作“海外华侨”。新加坡和台湾的大部分人口,还有马来西亚的相当一部分,大约37%的人口都属于这个集团,这个集团在经济上对印尼、台湾、越南和菲律宾等地有相当重要的影响。 尽管海外华侨仅占印尼人口的4%,但是他们有效地控制着印尼的经济,1993年在雅加达股票市场上市的162家公司中,至少有80%是由华侨控制的。这部分人已经很好地融入或者被同化成当地居民,认为他们自己既是华人也是印尼人、泰国人或者菲律宾人。然而中国文化传统,尤其是家庭关系在他们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。因此,公司必须经常考虑到广泛散布于各个国家的“中华民族”的观念。
4.马来西亚、印尼和菲律宾
在马来西亚和印尼这两个国家,伊斯兰教具有很强的影响力。虽然这两个东南亚国家人口相差很远(印尼1.9亿,马来西亚2000万),政治体制和发展水平也大不相同,但是它们都使用同一种语言,共同拥有马来文化。
菲律宾在一定程度上也拥有这种马来文化,但是天主教和美国的殖民地文化对菲律宾的影响似乎更大一些。
The characteristics of the East Asian market and its growth potential
1. Seven cultural entities in the East Asian region
For a long time, consumers have stopped being surprised by the label "Made in Asia". We have become accustomed to seeing it permeate the world we live in.
When talking about Asia, we are mainly referring to East Asia and South Asia, a continent with a variety of ethnic groups, cultures and climates. This region can be divided into seven cultural entities.
1. China
The largest and perhaps the most unpredictable entity to date is China. China has one-fifth of the world's population and its economic growth prospects are quite amazing.
2. Japan The second major country in this region is Japan. Although much smaller than China in terms of area, Japan is still an economic powerhouse with a per capita GDP that ranks among the highest in the world. In the past 20 years, Japan has laid a solid foundation for its position in Southeast Asia. Anyone who has visited Southeast Asia will be impressed by the dominance of Japanese products in its markets, and because Japanese companies have set up factories in Southeast Asian countries and the Japanese government has provided seemingly scattered but actually quite planned support to Southeast Asia in the form of loans and well-targeted development aid, Japan's long-term influence in the region is economically guaranteed, even more solid than the market share of Japanese companies in the region. Japan is also strong in professional technology, and in the production of some complex products such as automobiles, industrial machinery, high-fidelity monitors and video equipment, Japanese companies are in an undisputed leading position in the world. In Asia, Tokyo is also a major fashion and cultural center.
3. Overseas Chinese
The third cultural group is usually called the "Overseas Chinese". Most of the population of Singapore and Taiwan, and a considerable part of Malaysia, about 37% of the population, belong to this group, which has a considerable influence on the economy of Indonesia, Taiwan, Vietnam and the Philippines. Although overseas Chinese only make up 4% of Indonesia's population, they effectively control Indonesia's economy. Of the 162 companies listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange in 1993, at least 80% were controlled by overseas Chinese. This group of people has been well integrated or assimilated into the local population and considers themselves both Chinese and Indonesian, Thai or Filipino. However, Chinese cultural traditions, especially family relationships, still play an important role in their lives. Therefore, companies must always take into account the concept of "Chinese nation" that is widely spread in various countries.
4. Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines
In Malaysia and Indonesia, Islam has a strong influence. Although these two Southeast Asian countries have very different populations (Indonesia has 190 million and Malaysia has 20 million), and their political systems and levels of development are also very different, they both use the same language and share a Malay culture.
The Philippines also has this Malay culture to a certain extent, but Catholicism and the colonial culture of the United States seem to have a greater influence on the Philippines.
It mainly includes the following aspects:
.Highly competitive: The East Asian market includes economic powers such as China, Japan, and South Korea, and the competition between these countries is very fierce. Enterprises need to continuously improve their competitiveness in product quality, price, marketing, etc. in order to survive and develop in the market.
2. Case market: Due to the differences in culture, language, consumption habits, etc. among East Asian countries, enterprises need to carry out market positioning and product promotion for each country and implement case-based management strategies.
3. Innovation-oriented: The East Asian market attaches great importance to innovation. Consumers pay more attention to novel and unique products and technologies, and enterprises need to continuously carry out technological innovation and product research and development to meet market demand.
4. Consumption upgrade: With the development of the economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the consumption demand in the East Asian market has shown a trend of diversification and high-end. Consumers no longer only pay attention to price, but also pay more attention to product quality and experience.
5. Large scale: East Asia has a large population and a large market scale. This provides huge development opportunities for enterprises, but also brings fierce competitive pressure.
6. Government intervention: The market economy of East Asian countries is mostly dominated by the government, and the government plays an important role in regulating and intervening in the market. Enterprises need to cooperate with the government and comply with relevant laws and policies.
In short, the East Asian market is characterized by fierce competition, case-based, innovation-oriented, and consumption upgrades. Enterprises need to flexibly adjust their business strategies according to market demand and policy environment.
The characteristics of the Southeast Asian market are: rapid development
In Southeast Asia, cross-border e-commerce is developing rapidly. On the one hand, Chinese cross-border e-commerce giants led by Alibaba and JD.com have laid out their presence in the Southeast Asian market; on the other hand, European and American e-commerce giants represented by Amazon and eBay are also increasing their investment. Data shows that the total GDP of Southeast Asian countries is one-fourth of that of China, the population and per capita consumption level are half of that of China, and the average economic growth rate exceeds 6.5%. In terms of economic volume, the total volume of Southeast Asian countries is the fourth largest economy in the world after Japan. It is estimated that by 2025, the online economy in Southeast Asia will grow to US$200 billion, and the e-commerce market will reach US$88 billion, with a growth rate far exceeding that of physical retail.
At present, the mainstream platforms of East Asian e-commerce are Alibaba's LAZADA, RedMart, Shopee, JD Indonesia and Thailand, Amazon Singapore and Australia, eBay, etc. Domestic e-commerce companies such as Tmall Global and NetEase Factory Store are also testing the Southeast Asian consumer market. Chinese cross-border e-commerce companies in Southeast Asia are mainly platform sellers, and some companies are trying different forms such as independent sites, social media distribution, and online and offline integration.